Manejo exitoso de síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva refractaria con toxina botulínica A / Successful management of refractory overactive bladder syndrome with botulinum toxin A

Introducción: El síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva (VHA) afecta hasta al 43% de las mujeres. La terapia escalonada incluye cambios de hábitos, fármacos y neuromodulación. Hasta el 40% de las pacientes llegan a requerir terapia avanzada alternativa, como toxina botulínica (TB). Objetivo: Reportar los resultados del tratamiento con toxina botulínica en mujeres con VHA refractaria a tratamiento de primera y segunda línea, en un hospital público en Chile. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo desde una base de datos recolectada prospectivamente del Hospital Sótero del Río entre 2018 y 2022. Se incluyeron 33 pacientes con tratamiento farmacológico y neuromodulación previa, con una edad promedio de 57 años, sometidas a inyección cistoscópica de TB a detrusor, analizando datos demográficos, antecedentes y complicaciones. Se realizó seguimiento con frecuencia miccional, paños/día, escala de gravedad de Sandvik (ISI) y encuesta Patient Global Impression Improvement (PGI-I). Resultados: Los datos comparativos pre/post TB, respectivamente, fueron: frecuencia miccional diurna 11/6 y nocturna 5/1; paños/día 5/3; ISI 8/3. Veinte de 33 mujeres refirieron estar excelente o mucho mejor (PGI-I). Conclusiones: Es posible realizar manejo con TB en mujeres con VHA refractaria a primera y segunda línea, con buenos resultados e impacto significativo en la calidad de vida.

Introduction: Overactive bladder syndrome (OABS) affects up to 43% of women. Staggered therapy includes habit changes, drugs, and peripheral neuromodulation. Up to 40% of patients may require advanced alternative therapy such as botulinum toxin A (BT). Objective: To report the results of treatment with TB in women with OABS refractory to first- and second-line treatment in a public hospital in Chile. Method: Retrospective cohort study from prospectively collected database from Hospital Sótero del Río between 2018 and 2022. Thirty-three patients with previous pharmacological treatment and neuromodulation were included, with an average age of 57 years, undergoing cystoscopic injection of TB to detrusor. Demographic data, history, and complications were analyzed. Follow-up was performed with voiding frequency, cloths/day, Sandvik Severity Scale (ISI) and Patient Global Impression Improvement (PGI-I) survey. Results: Comparative data pre/post TB, respectively showed: daytime voiding frequency 11/6 and nighttime 5/1; cloths/day 5/3; ISI 8/3. 20 of 33 women reported being excellent or much better (PGI-I). Conclusions: TB management in women with OABS refractory to first- and second-line treatment has good results and significant impact on quality of life.

Beyond diabetes mellitus: role of metformin in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

INTRODUCTION@#Usage of metformin is associated with improved survival in lung, breast and prostate cancer, and metformin has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation in in vitro studies. Given the lack of clinical data on metformin use in patients with bladder cancer, we aimed to evaluate the role of metformin in their oncological outcomes.@*METHODS@#Medication use data from a prospectively maintained database of 122 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), who were recruited under a randomised, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial, was collected and analysed. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).@*RESULTS@#At a median follow-up duration of 102 (range 3-357) months, 53 (43.4%) patients experienced disease recurrence and 21 (17.2%) experienced disease progression. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients with and without diabetes mellitus. There was significant difference in OS between patients without diabetes mellitus, patients with diabetes mellitus on metformin and patients with diabetes mellitus but not on metformin (p = 0.033); patients with diabetes mellitus on metformin had the best prognosis. Metformin use was associated with significantly lower DSS (p = 0.042). Other oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin or statins were not associated with disease recurrence or progression.@*CONCLUSION@#Metformin use was associated with improved oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical BCG. Prospective studies with larger patient populations are needed to validate the role of metformin as potential therapy for bladder cancer.

Experiencia con el uso de toxina botulínica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica: Una serie de casos / Experience with Botulinum Toxin in Children with Neurogenic Overactive Bladder: A Case Series

Objetivo Describir la experiencia con la administración de inyección de toxina botulínica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica refractaria a manejo de primera línea. Materiales y Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo (serie de casos) que incluyó a 14 niños con diagnóstico de vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica refractarios a tratamiento de primera línea sometidos a administración intravesical de toxina botulínica entre 2015 y 2021; se realizó el seguimiento teniendo en cuenta las variables clínicas, con evaluación de la respuesta y de los eventos adversos. Se reportaron frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas; para las variables cuantitativas, se reportaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados Se incluyeron 6 niños y 8 niñas, con una media de edad 10,1 (desviación estándar [DE]: ± 4,4) años. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados previamente con anticolinérgico y cateterismos limpios intermitentes, con una media de uso de 2,8 (DE: ± 1.0) pañales al día; 11 (78,5%) pacientes tenían antecedente de infección urinaria, 13 (92,8%), estreñimiento, y 2 (15,3%), incontinencia fecal. En la ecografía, 7 (50,0%) pacientes presentaban engrosamiento de las paredes vesicales, y 6 (42,8%), hidronefrosis. Tras el procedimiento, 1 paciente presentó infección urinaria como complicación, 6 presentaron una respuesta completa, 7, respuesta parcial, y 1 paciente no obtuvo respuesta con la primera inyección, con un tiempo promedio efectivo de la terapia 8 (DE: ± 6,3) meses. Una segunda inyección fue necesaria en 6 (42.8%) pacientes, y, de estos, 3 (50%) requirieron una tercera inyección. Conclusión La inyección de toxina botulinica intravesical como terapia de segunda línea de manejo para vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica tiene buenos resultados, con bajas tasas de complicaciones.

Objective To describe the experience with the administration of botulinum toxin injection in children with neurogenic overactive bladder who were refractory to the first-line management. Materials and Methods A descriptive observational study (case series) which included 14 children with a diagnosis of neurogenic overactive bladder who were refractory to the first-line treatment and were aubmitted to the intravesical administration of botulinum toxin between 2015 and 2021. Follow-up was performed taking into account the clinical variables, wth an evaluation of the response and the adverse events. Absolute frequencies and percentages were reported for the qualitative variables; for the quantitative variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion were reported. Results We included 6 boys and 8 girls with a mean age of 10.1 (standard deviation [SD]: ± 4.4) years. All patients were previously treated with anticholinergics and clean intermittent catheterizations, with a mean use of 2.8 (SD: ± 1.0) diapers per day; 11 (78.5%) had a history of urinary tract infection, 13 (92.8%), constipation, and 2 (15.3%), fecal incontinence. On ultrasound, 7 (50.0%) patients presented bladder wall thickening, and 6 (42.8%), hydronephrosis. After the procedure, 1 patient presented urinary tract infection as a complication, 6 presented complete response, 7, partial response, and 1 patient did not obtain a response with the first injection, with an effective mean time of therapy of 8 (SD: ± 6.3) months. A second injection was required by 6 (42.8%) patients, and of these, 3 (50%) required a third injection. Conclusion Intravesical botulinum toxin injection as a second-line management therapy for neurogenic overactive bladder yileds good results, with low rates of complications.

Expert consensus on intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021 edition) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Bladder cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in China, with 75% of bladder cancer being non-muscle invasion with a high recurrence rate after surgery. Intravesical therapy is an useful methods to either directly kill tumor cells by infusing cytotoxic drugs into the bladder or directly or indirectly induce local immune responses of the body through infusing immune agents, such as bacillus calmette guerin, and thus reduce the risk of tumor recurrence and progression. In 2019, the Urological Chinese Oncology Group issued the "Expert consensus on intravesical therapy on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer" . Recently, great progress in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has been achieved domestically and abroad, including the risk assessment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, the therapeutic choice of intravesical drugs, the adverse reactions and treatment experience of intravesical therapy, and clinical research on new types of intravesical drugs. This consensus is made according to domestic and overseas evidence-based medicine in combination with current clinical practice and experience of intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in China. It is an update of the 2019 expert consensus, with the wish to provide a guidance for domestic clinical standardized intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Patient satisfaction with directly observed treatment and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis injection administration by lay health workers in rural Eswatini

Background: The human resources for health crisis in rural Eswatini led to a novel community-based multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment strategy based on task-shifting, that is delegation of directly observed treatment (DOT) and administration of MDR-TB injections, traditionally restricted to professional nurses, to lay community treatment supporters (CTSs). Aim: This study assessed the level of patient satisfaction with receiving community-based MDR-TB care from a CTS. Setting: The study was conducted at three MDR-TB-treating facilities in the mostly rural Shiselweni region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of a purposive sample of 78 patients receiving DOT and intramuscular MDR-TB injections from CTSs was carried out in 2017. Descriptive statistics and regressions were calculated. Results: A high overall general patient satisfaction score for receiving community-based MDR-TB care from a CTS was observed. Adherence counselling, confidentiality, provider selection and treatment costs significantly (p < 0.05) influenced satisfaction. A large majority (n = 62; 79.5%) of patients indicated that they would likely recommend their significant others to receive MDR-TB care from a CTS. Respondents identified the need to provide CTSs with adequate training, regular supervision and sufficient incentives and also to broaden the scope of their services. Conclusion: This study observed that task-shifting of DOT and MDR-TB injection administration to CTSs was supported from a patient perspective. However, adherence counselling, confidentiality, provider selection and treatment costs should be taken into account in community-based MDR-TB care programming. Further to the patients, community-based tuberculosis care could be enhanced by improving CTSs' training, supervision and incentives, and broadening the scope of their services

Erro de administração de medicamentos anti-infeciosos por omissão de doses / Error de administración de medicamentos antiinfecciosos por omisión de dosis / Anti-infective medication administration errors by dose omission

Resumo Objetivos: Mensurar a taxa de erro de administração de medicamentos anti-infeciosos por omissão de doses em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal e prospectivo, realizado nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2018, em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulto de um Hospital de Ensino do Distrito Federal. A amostra foi por conveniência e foram registrados o número de medicamentos prescritos e o número de omissões de doses das prescrições em dois formulários. Os medicamentos foram classificados conforme o Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code. Realizada análise estatística com regressão logística e testes para proporções. Resultados: Coletaram-se informações de 7.140 medicamentos prescritos e foram identificadas 310 omissões de doses, correspondendo a 4,34% de taxa de erro na administração de medicamentos em geral. A amostra continha 711 anti-infeciosos (9,95%), e nestes ocorreram 48 omissões de doses, correspondendo a 6,75% de taxa de erro por omissão de doses. Entre os anti-infeciosos, o maior número de omissões foi nos carbapenêmicos (n=13; 27,08%), prescritos para serem ministrados por via intravenosa (n=38; 79,16%) e no horário das 20h (n=10; 20,83%). Conclusão: A taxa de erro de administração por omissão de dose dos anti-infeciosos foi alta, maior que entre os demais medicamentos, mais frequente pela via intravenosa e nos horários próximos às trocas de turnos. Barreiras de segurança devem ser implementadas, como a tripla checagem das doses - na farmácia, no recebimento na UTI e na administração propriamente dita, além de aprazamento adequado, educação permanente e treinamento em uso seguro de medicamentos.

Resumen Objetivos: Medir el índice de error de administración de medicamentos antiinfecciosos por omisión de dosis en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Adultos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, realizado en los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2018 en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Adultos de un hospital universitario del Distrito Federal. La muestra fue por conveniencia y se registró la cantidad de medicamentos prescriptos y la cantidad de omisiones de dosis de las prescripciones en dos formularios. Los medicamentos se clasificaron según el Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code. Se realizó el análisis estadístico con regresión logística y pruebas para proporciones. Resultados: Se recolectó información de 7.140 medicamentos prescriptos y se identificaron 310 omisiones de dosis, que corresponden al 4,34% de índice de error en la administración de medicamentos en general. La muestra contenía 711 antiinfecciosos (9,95%) y ocurrieron 48 omisiones de dosis de estos medicamentos, que corresponde al 6,75% de índice de error por omisión de dosis. En los antiinfecciosos, la mayor cantidad de omisiones fue en los carbapenémicos (n=13; 27,08%), prescriptos para administrarse por vía intravenosa (n=38; 79,16%) y en el horario de las 20h (n=10; 20,83%). Conclusión: El índice de error de administración por omisión de dosis de los antiinfecciosos fue alta, mayor que entre los demás medicamentos, más frecuente por vía intravenosa y en los horarios cerca de los cambios de turno. Deben implementarse barreras de seguridad, como el triple chequeo de las dosis (en la farmacia, al recibirlo en la UCI y en la administración propiamente dicha), además de la correcta programación, educación permanente y capacitación en el uso seguro de medicamentos.

Abstract Objectives: To measure anti-infective medication administration errors by dose omission in an adult intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study, carried out in October and November 2018 in an adult intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in the Federal District, Brazil. The sample was one of convenience. The numbers of prescribed medications and dose omissions were registered on two forms. The medications were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code. Data were treated statistically by applying logistic regression and tests for proportions. Results: Information on about 7,140 prescribed medications was gathered, and 310 dose omissions were identified, which corresponded to a 4.34% error rate in the administration of medications in general. The sample used 711 anti-infective drugs (9.95%), which were associated with 48 dose omissions, yielding a 6.75% error rate. Among the anti-infective medications, the highest number of omissions was in the group of carbapenems (n=13; 27.08%), to be administered intravenously (n=38; 79.16%) and at 8 pm (n=10; 20.83%). Conclusion: The anti-infective medication administration error rate by dose omission was significant and higher than for the other groups of drugs, showing a higher incidence using the intravenous route and at times approaching changes of shifts. Safety barriers must be implemented, such as dose triple-checking (at the pharmacy, when the medication is received at the intensive care unit, and at the time of administration). Additionally, adequate drug scheduling, continuing education, and training programs for safe use of medications can be useful for preventing these errors.

Cumplimiento de los criterios del indicador Prevención de infecciones de vías urinarias en un hospital de tercer nivel / Compliance of the Prevention of urinary tract infections indicator in a third level hospital

Introducción: según la incidencia que presenta el indicador Prevención de infecciones de vías urinarias, 80% de estas son ocasionadas en las unidades de salud por el uso de una sonda vesical. Con la finalidad de disminuir este problema, se implementó el indicador de calidad de los servicios de enfermería. Objetivo: identificar el cumplimiento de los criterios del indicador Prevención de infecciones de vías urinarias en pacientes con sonda vesical instalada en una unidad de tercer nivel. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal del tipo sistemas de salud, en el que participaron 74 pacientes, en el periodo de septiembre a octubre del 2017, con un muestreo por conveniencia mediante observación al personal de enfermería que atiende pacientes con sonda vesical instalada durante el periodo de recolección de datos en los turnos matutino y vespertino, con el formato de sistema INDICAS (F1-PIVUPSVI/12). Se hizo el análisis mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: en relación con el nivel del cumplimiento del indicador Prevención de infecciones de vías urinarias en pacientes con sonda vesical instalada, este arrojó un 89.1% en rojo (66), equivalente a 70% o menos, y 18.9% en amarillo (8), que equivale al nivel del cumplimiento en un rango que va de 71 a 90%. Conclusiones: de acuerdo con datos estadísticos, se encuentra el indicador en rojo, con base en el sistema INDICAS de la Secretaría de Salud.

Introduction: According to the incidence showed by the Prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with a bladder catheter indicator, 80% of these infections is caused by the use of a bladder catheter. In order to reduce this problem, it was implemented the nursing service quality indicator. Objective: To identify compliance with the criteria of the indicator Prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with a bladder catheter in a third level unit. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional, health systems sort of study, which included 74 patients from September to October of 2017, with a convenience sample by observation to the nursing staff that takes care of patients with bladder catheter installed during the period of data collection in the morning and afternoon shifts with INDICAS system format (F1-PIVUPSVI/12). Analysis was performed with descriptive statistics. Results: The level of compliance with the Prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with a bladder catheter indicator resulted in 89.1% in red (66), equivalent to 70% or less, and 18.9% in yellow (8), equivalent to a level of compliance ranging from 71 to 90%. Conclusions: According to statistical data, the indicator is in red, based on the Secretaría de Salud (Health Secretary) INDICAS system.

Interstitial cystitis - intravesical treatment

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

Expert consensus on treatment of intravesical therapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Bladder cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in China. Three-quarter bladder cancer is non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with a high recurrence rate. Intravesical therapy can reduce the risk of recurrence and progression in bladder cancer. According to the recent updates of evidence-based medical evidence at home and abroad, as well as the deepening of domestic experts' research on the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer, the consensus has summarized the current intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in China, including the indications, contraindications and methods for intravesical therapy, as well as commonly used drugs in bladder cancer.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-Cell Wall Skeleton as Immunotherapeutic Option for BCG-Refractory Superficial Bladder Cancer

Although intravesical instillation of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most successful cancer immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, the serious side effects are frequently arisen by using live mycobacteria. To allow less toxic and more potent immunotherapeutic agents following intravesical BCG treatment for superficial bladder cancer, noninfectious immunotherapeutic drug instead of live BCG would be highly desirable. Recently, immune-enhancing adjuvants are considered an effective vaccine immunotherapy for cancer, providing enhanced antitumor effects and boosted immunity. The BCG-cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS), the main immune active center of BCG, is a potent candidate as a noninfectious immunotherapeutic drug instead of live BCG against bladder cancer. However, the most limited application for anticancer therapy, it is difficult to formulate a water-soluble BCG-CWS due to the aggregation of BCG-CWS in both aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. To overcome the insolubility and improve the internalization of BCG-CWS into bladder cancer cells, it should be developed the lipid nanoparticulation of BCG-CWS, resulting in improved dispensability, stability, and small size. In addition, powerful technology of delivery systems should be applied to enhance the internalization of BCG-CWS, such as encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles using novel packaging methods. Here, we describe the progress in research on effects of BCG-CWS for cancer immunotherapy, development of lipid-based solvent, and packaging method using nanoparticles with drug delivery system.

Encrusted cystitis caused by corynebacterium urealyticum: a case report with novel treatment strategy of intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide

ABSTRACT Encrusted cystitis (EC) was first described as chronic cystitis with mucosal calcification in 1914 (1). It is a very rare chronic inflammatory disease presenting with dysuria, pelvic pain and gross hematuria. Voided urine contains mucus or calcified mucopurulent stone like particles. Urinalysis always reveals alkaline pH. It may be present in healthy individuals with no predisposing etiological factors (2-4). Etiologically, previous urological diseases, immunosuppression, urinary infection with urea splitting bacteria, or urological interventions resulting in bladder mucosa trauma may also be present (5, 6). In the present case report, we describe a novel treatment for EC with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide.

Impact of intravesical hyaluronic acid treatment on bladder inflammation in interstitial cystitis rat model

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) treatment on inflammatory cells and the severity of inflammation in an interstitial cystitis rat model created with hydrogen chloride (HCL) via immunohistochemical studies and myeloperoxidase activity for the first time in the literature. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 adult female white Rattus Norvegicus rats were divided into 3 groups as the HCL group, hyaluronic acid treatment (HCL-HA) group and control group. Chemical cystitis was created by administering HCL(400 microL,10 mM) except control group. A single dose of intravesical HA(0.5 mL,0.8 mg/mL) was administered to the treatment group. The bladder tissues of all subjects were immunohistochemically stained. The cell surface markers were used to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration. Mast cell activation and IL-6 was evaluated to assess the inflammation and severity of inflammation, respectively. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured as it shows neutrophil density. Statistical significance was accepted as P<0.05. Results: It was observed that there was rich monocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and Natural Killer cells infiltration and high IL-6 levels in the bladder tissue after the intravesical hydrogen chloride instillation, especially in the stroma layer(p<0.005). In the HCL-HA group, severity of inflammation had statistically significantly regressed to the levels of the control group(p<0.005). An increase was observed in the bladder myeloperoxidase activity of the HCL group compared to the other two groups(p<0.05). Conclusions: Single dose intravesical hyluronic acid instillation reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and the severity of bladder inflammation in the rat model of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.

Antibióticos intravesicales para la prevención de infecciones perioperatorias en trasplante renal / Intravesically applied antibiotics for the prevention of perioperative infections in kidney transplant

La enfermedad renal crónica terminal es una enfermedad con gran impacto a nivel económico en los sistemas de salud y en calidad de vida individual. El trasplante renal es el único tratamiento definitivo conocido hasta hoy. La prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) y bacteriuria asintomática (BA) es mayor que en la población general, alcanzando un 34-43 % durante los primeros años. Además, es frecuente que los microorganismos involucrados sean multirresistentes, describiéndose hasta un 49 por ciento . El uso de antibióticos intra vesicales peri operatorios es controvertido. En nuestro centro, se realizó un ajuste del antibiótico utilizado, basado en las susceptibilidades locales. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la incidencia de BA e ITU en pacientes trasplantados, antes y después de ajustar el antibiótico intravesical utilizado, según la resistencia antibiótica local. METODOLOGÍA: Análisis retrospectivo de fichas clínicas y urocultivos de todos los adultos sometidos a trasplante renal entre los años 2013 y 2017 en un centro universitario. Se excluyeron pacientes con trasplante multiorgánico. Se registraron datos de caracterización de la población y datos específicos para los objetivos de este estudio, considerando un plazo de 3 meses desde la cirugía. Se realizó el análisis estadístico con el programa SPSS v. 24.0. RESULTADOS: 110 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios establecidos, de los cuales 61 recibieron profilaxis con cefazolina y 49 con amikacina. Los grupos fueron comparables en cuanto a sexo masculino, edad y días de uso de catéter JJ. En el grupo con cefazolina, un 32 por ciento presentó cultivos positivos, comparado con un 28 por ciento en el grupo con amikacina; esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Los microrganismos mes frecuentes fueron E. coli (38,3 por ciento), K. pneumoniae (17 por ciento ), P. aeruginosa (17 por ciento ) y E. cloacae (10,6 por ciento). El 57,4 por ciento de cultivos fueron microorganismos multirresistentes. CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestra serie no se observaron diferencias en la incidencia de cultivos positivos al ajustar el antibiótico intravesical utilizado (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Final-stage chronic kidney disease has great economic impact on health systems and individual quality of life. Kidney transplantation is the only definitive treatment known to date. The prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (BA) is higher than in the general population, reaching 34-43 pertcent during the first years. In addition, it is common that the microorganisms involved are multiresistant, describing up to 49 pertcent The use of perioperative intra-vesical antibiotics is controversial. In our center, an adjustment to the antibiotic use was made, based on local susceptibilities. The objective of this study is to compare the incidence of BA and UTI in transplant patients, before and after adjusting the intravesical antibiotic used, according to the local antibiotic resistance. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective analysis of clinical records and urine cultures of all adults undergoing kidney transplantation between 2013 and 2017 in a university center. Patients with multiorgan transplantation were excluded. Characterization data of the population and specific data were recorded for the objectives of this study, considering a period of 3 months from the date of surgery. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS v. 24.0. RESULTS: 110 patients met the established criteria, of which 61 received prophylaxis with cefazolin and 49 with amikacin. The groups were comparable in terms of male gender, age and days of JJ stent use. In the group with cefazolin, 32 pertcent had positive cultures, compared with 28 pertcent in the group with amikacin. This difference was not statistically significant. The most frequent microorganisms were E. coli (38.3 pertcent ), K. pneumonia (17 pertcent ), P. aeruginosa (17 pertcent ) and E. cloacae (10.6 pertcent ). 57.4 pertcent of cultures were multiresistant microorganisms. CONCLUSION: In our series, no differences were observed in the incidence of positive cultures when adjusting the used intravesical antibiotic (AU)

Which is best method for instillation of topical therapy to the upper urinary tract? An in vivo porcine study to evaluate three delivery methods

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the staining intensity of the upper urinary tract (UUT) urothelium among three UUT delivery methods in an in vivo porcine model. Materials and methods: A fluorescent dye solution (indigo carmine) was delivered to the UUT via three different methods: antegrade perfusion, vesico-ureteral reflux via in-dwelling ureteric stent and retrograde perfusion via a 5F open-ended ureteral catheter. Twelve renal units were tested with 4 in each method. After a 2-hour delivery time, the renal-ureter units were harvested en bloc. Time from harvesting to analysis was also standardised to be 2 hours in each arm. Three urothelium samples of the same weight and size were taken from each of the 6 pre-defined points (upper pole, mid pole, lower pole, renal pelvis, mid ureter and distal ureter) and the amount of fluorescence was measured with a spectrometer. Results: The mean fluorescence detected at all 6 predefined points of the UUT urothelium was the highest for the retrograde method. This was statistically significant with p-value less than <0.05 at all 6 points. Conclusions: Retrograde infusion of UUT by an open ended ureteral catheter resulted in highest mean fluorescence detected at all 6 pre-defined points of the UUT urothelium compared to antegrade infusion and vesico-ureteral reflux via indwelling ureteric stents indicating retrograde method ideal for topical therapy throughout the UUT urothelium. More clinical studies are needed to demonstrate if retrograde method could lead to better clinical outcomes compared to the other two methods.

A prospective randomized controlled multicentre trial comparing intravesical DMSO and chondroïtin sulphate 2% for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis

ABSTRACT Objective To compare effectiveness of intravesical chondroïtin sulphate (CS) 2% and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 50% in patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). Materials and methods Patients were randomized to receive either 6 weekly instillations of CS 2% or 50% DMSO. Primary endpoint was difference in proportion of patients achieving score 6 (moderately improved) or 7 (markedly improved) in both groups using the Global Response Assessment (GRA) scale. Secondary parameters were mean 24-hours frequency and nocturia on a 3-day micturition dairy, changes from baseline in O’Leary-Sant questionnaire score and visual analog scale (VAS) for suprapubic pain. Results Thirty-six patients were the intention to treat population (22 in CS and 14 in DMSO group). In DMSO group, 57% withdrew consent and only 6 concluded the trial. Major reasons were pain during and after instillation, intolerable garlic odor and lack of efficacy. In CS group, 27% withdrew consent. Compared with DMSO group, more patients in CS group (72.7% vs. 14%) reported moderate or marked improvement (P=0.002, 95% CI 0.05-0.72) and achieved a reduction in VAS scores (20% vs. 8.3%). CS group performed significantly better in pain reduction (-1.2 vs. -0.6) and nocturia (-2.4 vs. -0.7) and better in total O’Leary reduction (-9.8 vs. -7.2). CS was better tolerated. The trial was stopped due to high number of drop-outs with DMSO. Conclusions Intravesical CS 2% is viable treatment for PBS/IC with minimal side effects. DMSO should be used with caution and with active monitoring of side effects. More randomized controlled studies on intravesical treatments are needed.